For what it’s worth, the grey foam tape looks like 3M VHB, which is *not* the same as double sided foam tape. VHB is foamed adhesive all the way through, and is much stronger than double sided foam tape which is a foam core with two thin layers of adhesive on it. It’s meant for fairly permanent mounting of stuff like car windshields, skyscraper windows, trim bits and tons of other stuff.
Is the grey adhesive below it still soft/tacky or is it fairly hardened? If it’s hard, it looks a lot like a 2-part epoxy or urethane to me. Something like 3M 2216 or JB Plastic Weld. If it’s still soft and tacky, it could be a butyl rubber adhesive which is pretty common in automotive. But scrape at it and make sure the grey color is through and not just dirt/dust on the surface of the glue